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The predictive value of microalbuminuria in IDDM. A five-year follow-up study
T Almdal1, K Nörgaard, B Feldt-Rasmussen
1Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark.
Objective:
To investigate the predictive value of microalbuminuria and the annual increase of albumin excretion as risk factors for diabetic nephropathy.
Research Design And Methods:
A 5-year follow-up of patients with microalbuminuria (urinary albumin excretion [UAE] = 30-299 mg/24 h) and matched patients with normoalbuminuria (UAE < 30 mg/24 h). The initial classification was based on one single 24-h urine collection. The annual increase in UAE was calculated by linear regression analysis of log-transformed UAE on time. This study was conducted at the outpatient clinic of the Steno Diabetes Center. The study subjects included 118 insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) patients between 18 and 50 years of age with microalbuminuria and 112 matched control patients with normal UAE with an age at diabetes onset of < 31 years. The main outcome measures were UAE, annual change in UAE rate (percentage per year), and the prevalence of retinopathy.
Results:
After 5 years, 39 (33%, 24-42 CI [95% confidence interval]) patients with microalbuminuria had normoalbuminuria, 57 (48%, 38-57 CI) still had microalbuminuria, and 22 (19%, 12-27 CI) had developed diabetic nephropathy. Among the 112 patients with normoalbuminuria in 1985, 9 (8%, 4-15 CI) had developed microalbuminuria, and 2 (2%, 0-6 CI) had developed diabetic nephropathy. Of the 79 patients with persistent albuminuria, only 36 (46%, 34-57 CI) were progressors with a rate of progression of > 5%/year. Progressors had significantly higher HbAlc, higher mean blood pressure, and a higher incidence of proliferative retinopathy compared with nonprogressors. Multiple regression analysis only identified mean HbAlc as an independent predictor of the rate of progression. Smoking was significantly more prevalent in patients with persistent albuminuria.
Conclusions:
Microalbuminuria is a predictor of progression to diabetic nephropathy; however, not as strong as suggested previously. Calculation of the annual increase in UAE seems to be a more specific method of identifying patients who will develop diabetic nephropathy.
Insights
Microalbuminuria predicts diabetic nephropathy, but its annual increase is a more specific indicator. This 5-year study highlights key risk factors for diabetic kidney disease progression.
Area of Science:
- Nephrology
- Endocrinology
- Diabetology
Background:
- Diabetic nephropathy is a major complication of diabetes mellitus.
- Early detection of risk is crucial for intervention.
- Microalbuminuria is a known marker, but its predictive strength needs further evaluation.
Purpose of the Study:
- To assess the predictive value of microalbuminuria for diabetic nephropathy.
- To evaluate the annual increase in urinary albumin excretion (UAE) as a predictor.
- To identify factors associated with diabetic nephropathy progression.
Main Methods:
- A 5-year follow-up study of 118 patients with microalbuminuria and 112 controls with normoalbuminuria.
- Urinary albumin excretion (UAE) measured at baseline and annually.
- Annual increase in UAE calculated using linear regression of log-transformed UAE.
- Demographic, clinical, and biochemical data collected.
Main Results:
- Among patients with microalbuminuria, 19% developed diabetic nephropathy over 5 years.
- Among controls, 2% developed diabetic nephropathy.
- Progressors to diabetic nephropathy had higher HbA1c, blood pressure, and retinopathy rates.
- Mean HbA1c was the only independent predictor of progression rate.
Conclusions:
- Microalbuminuria predicts diabetic nephropathy but is less potent than previously thought.
- The annual rate of increase in urinary albumin excretion is a more specific predictor.
- Controlling HbA1c is vital for mitigating diabetic nephropathy progression.