Cytochrome oxidase evolved by tinkering with denitrification enzymes

The cytochrome bc complex which is encoded by the fixNOPQ operon in Bradyrhizobium japonicum, is the most distant member of the haem-copper cytochrome oxidase family. We have found that its major subunit, FixN, is homologous to the NorB subunit of nitric oxide reductase in a purple bacterium. A second evolutionary link between cytochrome oxidases and denitrification enzymes is the presence of a similar binuclear copper site in cytochrome aa3 (the mitochondrial oxidase) and nitrous oxide reductase. This centre was probably acquired by a primitive FixN-type oxidase, leading to the evolution of the mitochondrial-type oxidase. These links suggest that the oxygen-reducing respiratory chain developed from the anaerobic, denitrifying respiratory system.