Regulation of endothelial cell xanthine dehydrogenase xanthine oxidase gene expression by oxygen tension

Recent studies have demonstrated that xanthine dehydrogenase/xanthine oxidase (XD/XO) activities of bovine endothelial cells (EC) are inversely regulated by O2 tensions to which the cells are exposed. We have confirmed these reports and extended the observation to a variety of cells from other sources. All EC that had detectable XD/XO activity demonstrated the greatest activity at the lowest O2 level. Bovine pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells showed XD/XO activity only under hypoxic conditions. The ratio of XO to XO+XD did not change significantly under various O2 concentrations for all cell types tested. Treatment of bovine pulmonary artery and rat epididymal fat pad EC with actinomycin D (1 microgram/ml), an inhibitor of transcription, suppressed XO and XO+XD activities in cells exposed both to 20 and 3% O2. High-dose cycloheximide (5 micrograms/ml), an inhibitor of translation, also reduced XO and XO+XD activities in these cells, whereas low-dose cycloheximide (0.5 microgram/ml) enhanced the stimulatory effect of hypoxia on XO+XD activity. We developed a digoxigenin-labeled probe that recognizes and hybridizes to rat XD cDNA and used it to examine the effect of O2 concentration on XD/XO mRNA expression of rat epididymal fat pad EC. XD/XO mRNA concentration was increased in cells exposed to hypoxia and decreased in cells exposed to hyperoxia compared with normoxic cells. The increase in mRNA concentration resulting from exposure to hypoxia was enhanced by cycloheximide. There was no change in XD/XO mRNA stability in cells exposed to hypoxia compared with normoxia. We conclude that the regulation of XD/XO by oxygen tension most likely occurs at the transcriptional level.