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Regulatory implications of translational frameshifting in cellular gene expression
H Engelberg-Kulka1, R Schoulaker-Schwarz
1Department of Molecular Biology, Hebrew University, Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel.
Molecular Microbiology
|January 1, 1994
Summary
The genetic code allows for translational frameshifting, a process where mRNA shifts reading frames. This review surveys cellular genes, especially in E. coli, using this mechanism for gene expression.
Area of Science:
- Molecular Biology
- Genetics
- Microbiology
Background:
- The genetic code, traditionally viewed as fixed, exhibits flexibility through alternative reading frames.
- Translational frameshifting involves programmed +1 or -1 shifts in the mRNA reading frame relative to the initiation codon.
- This mechanism is predominantly observed in viruses, retrotransposons, and bacterial elements.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review cellular genes, particularly in Escherichia coli, that utilize translational frameshifting for expression.
- To discuss the regulatory significance and implications of translational frameshifting in cellular gene expression.
Main Methods:
- Literature review and survey of published studies.
- Analysis of genetic sequences and gene expression data.
- Comparative analysis of frameshifting mechanisms across different organisms.
Main Results:
- Identification and cataloging of cellular genes employing translational frameshifting.
- Evidence of frameshifting in diverse cellular genes, extending beyond viral and mobile genetic elements.
- Elucidation of specific mRNA sequence elements and structures that program frameshifting.
Conclusions:
- Translational frameshifting is a significant, yet underappreciated, mechanism for cellular gene expression.
- The prevalence of frameshifting in bacteria like E. coli suggests broader biological relevance.
- Understanding frameshifting offers insights into gene regulation and protein diversity.