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Related Concept Videos

Replication in Eukaryotes02:31

Replication in Eukaryotes

Overview
Chromosome Replication02:31

Chromosome Replication

Before a cell can divide, it must accurately replicate all of its chromosomes, including the DNA and its associated histone and non-histone proteins.  This process begins at numerous origins of replication during the S phase of the cell cycle in each of a cell’s chromosomes simultaneously. Certain nucleotides can act as origins of replication, but these sequences are not well defined - especially in complex, multi-cellular, eukaryotic species. The length of DNA that spans an origin of...
Replication in Eukaryotes02:31

Replication in Eukaryotes

Overview
S-Cdk Initiates DNA Replication02:38

S-Cdk Initiates DNA Replication

The cell cycle is a series of events leading to DNA duplication followed by the division of cell content to form two daughter cells. The cell cycle progresses in four stages—the cell increases in size (gap 1 or G1-phase), duplicates its DNA (synthesis or S-phase), prepares to divide (gap 2 or G2-phase), and divides (mitosis or M-phase).
Two states at the origin of replication
In eukaryotes, the initiation of replication occurs at many sites on the chromosomes, called the origins of replication.
Replication in Eukaryotes01:29

Replication in Eukaryotes

In eukaryotic cells, DNA replication is highly conserved and tightly regulated. Multiple linear chromosomes must be duplicated with high fidelity before cell division, so there are many proteins that fulfill specialized roles in the replication process. Replication occurs in three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination, and ends with two complete sets of chromosomes in the nucleus.
Many Proteins Orchestrate Replication at the Origin
Eukaryotic replication follows many of the same...
Replication in Eukaryotes01:29

Replication in Eukaryotes

In eukaryotic cells, DNA replication is highly conserved and tightly regulated. Multiple linear chromosomes must be duplicated with high fidelity before cell division, so there are many proteins that fulfill specialized roles in the replication process. Replication occurs in three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination, and ends with two complete sets of chromosomes in the nucleus.
Many Proteins Orchestrate Replication at the Origin
Eukaryotic replication follows many of the same...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 23, 2026

Visualization of DNA Replication in the Vertebrate Model System DT40 using the DNA Fiber Technique
07:18

Visualization of DNA Replication in the Vertebrate Model System DT40 using the DNA Fiber Technique

Published on: October 27, 2011

Deoxyribonucleic acid replication in single cells and chromosomes by immunologic techniques

H G Gratzner, A Pollack, D J Ingram

    The Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry : Official Journal of the Histochemistry Society
    |January 1, 1976
    PubMed
    Summary

    Antibodies targeting 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) effectively identify DNA synthesis in cells and chromosomes. This immunologic method provides chromosome banding comparable to traditional autoradiography.

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    Published on: December 22, 2023

    Area of Science:

    • Molecular Biology
    • Cell Biology
    • Immunology

    Background:

    • Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis is crucial for cell division and genetic integrity.
    • Traditional methods like autoradiography for detecting DNA synthesis can be time-consuming and involve radioactivity.
    • Development of immunologic techniques offers a potentially faster and safer alternative for detecting DNA synthesis.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop and validate antibodies for detecting de novo DNA synthesis using 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation.
    • To assess the efficacy of immunologic techniques in identifying DNA synthesis in cell nuclei and chromosome banding.
    • To compare the performance of immunologic methods with established autoradiographic techniques.

    Main Methods:

    • Production of antibodies against 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and iododeoxyuridine in rabbits.
    • Purification of specific antibodies using affinity chromatography.
    • Application of indirect immunofluorescence and horseradish peroxidase-labeled antibody techniques to detect BrdU incorporation in cell cultures and metaphase chromosomes.

    Main Results:

    • Antibodies to BrdU were successfully produced and showed cross-reactivity with iododeoxyuridine.
    • Immunologic techniques accurately identified cells undergoing DNA synthesis and produced distinct chromosome banding patterns.
    • The immunologic method demonstrated comparable results to traditional autoradiography for labeling indices in cell cultures.

    Conclusions:

    • Antibodies against BrdU provide a reliable method for detecting DNA synthesis and visualizing chromosome banding.
    • Immunologic detection of BrdU incorporation offers a viable alternative to autoradiography for cell proliferation studies.
    • This technique facilitates the study of DNA synthesis dynamics during the S phase of the cell cycle.