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Related Experiment Videos

Second messenger signalling in olfaction

H Breer1

  • 1University Stuttgart-Hohenheim, Institute of Zoophysiology, Germany.

Ciba Foundation Symposium
|January 1, 1993
PubMed
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Olfactory receptor neurons detect odors using G protein-coupled receptors. Signaling pathways, including cAMP and nitric oxide cascades, are activated and regulated by feedback mechanisms.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) possess specific receptor proteins in their ciliary membranes for odorant recognition.
  • These olfactory receptors belong to the seven-transmembrane-domain G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily.
  • Receptor subtypes are spatially segregated within the olfactory epithelium, expressed in distinct ORN subsets.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying olfactory signal transduction.
  • To identify the signaling pathways activated by odorant-receptor interactions.
  • To understand the regulatory mechanisms terminating olfactory signaling.

Main Methods:

  • Molecular cloning techniques were employed to identify olfactory receptors.

Related Experiment Videos

  • Analysis of intracellular second messenger levels (cAMP, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, cGMP) in response to odorants.
  • Investigation of kinase-mediated phosphorylation for negative feedback regulation.

    • Main Results:

    • Odorant binding to specific receptors initiates olfactory signaling cascades via G proteins.
    • Odorants trigger mutually exclusive cAMP or inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) signaling pathways.
    • Kinase-mediated phosphorylation terminates signaling by uncoupling receptor cascades.
    • A delayed nitric oxide/cGMP cascade is activated by strong odor stimuli, potentially mediating adaptive responses.

    Conclusions:

    • Olfactory signaling involves complex G protein-coupled receptor-mediated pathways.
    • Signal termination is regulated by negative feedback mechanisms involving receptor phosphorylation.
    • The nitric oxide/cGMP pathway may play a role in olfactory adaptation.