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Micronutrients and cancer risk

W C Willett1

  • 1Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115.

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
|May 1, 1994
PubMed
Summary

High fruit and vegetable intake is linked to lower cancer risks, suggesting key roles for micronutrients and fiber in cancer prevention. This highlights the importance of diet in reducing overall cancer incidence.

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Area of Science:

  • Nutritional Epidemiology
  • Cancer Prevention Research
  • Dietary Impact on Health

Background:

  • Epidemiologic studies consistently show reduced cancer risks in individuals with high fruit and vegetable consumption.
  • Micronutrients and dietary fiber are hypothesized to play significant roles in cancer prevention.
  • Specific compounds like carotenoids, folic acid, and vitamin A are under investigation for their protective effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the epidemiologic evidence supporting the role of fruits and vegetables in cancer risk reduction.
  • To identify specific nutrients and compounds within these foods that may contribute to cancer prevention.
  • To explore the association between dietary intake and the incidence of various cancers, including lung, colon, and breast cancer.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing epidemiologic studies and observational data.
  • Analysis of findings related to specific dietary components such as carotenoids, fiber, folic acid, and vitamin A.
  • Examination of associations between dietary patterns and cancer incidence across different cancer types.

Main Results:

  • Strong evidence suggests carotenoids may reduce lung cancer risk.
  • Dietary fiber is associated with reduced colon cancer risk; folic acid may also play a protective role.
  • Limited but suggestive evidence indicates vitamin A (from carotenoid and preformed sources) may be protective against breast cancer.

Conclusions:

  • Overwhelming evidence supports a significant role for abundant fruit and vegetable intake in reducing cancer incidence.
  • While specific responsible compounds require further certainty, the overall dietary pattern is crucial.
  • Dietary interventions focusing on fruits and vegetables are vital for cancer prevention strategies.

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