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Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 21, 2026

Time-lapse Imaging of Primary Preneoplastic Mammary Epithelial Cells Derived from Genetically Engineered Mouse Models of Breast Cancer
11:47

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Published on: February 8, 2013

Age does not predict breast cancer outcome

J P Crowe1, N H Gordon, R R Shenk

  • 1Department of Surgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio.

Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960)
|May 1, 1994
PubMed
Summary

Age is not a significant independent predictor of breast cancer prognosis. While younger patients present with more aggressive disease, age alone should not guide treatment decisions in breast cancer management.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Clinical Research
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Younger breast cancer patients are often perceived to have a poorer prognosis.
  • This perception can lead to more aggressive treatment strategies for younger individuals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate if patient age is a significant prognostic factor in breast cancer.
  • To determine if age should influence treatment recommendations.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective follow-up of 1353 patients with operable breast cancer from two multicenter trials.
  • Uniform local-regional therapy (modified radical mastectomy) and systemic chemoendocrine therapy for node-positive patients.
  • Analysis using Cox's multivariate model and mixture models with covariates.

Main Results:

  • Younger patients exhibited more estrogen receptor-negative tumors and higher lymph node positivity.
  • Age was not a significant independent predictor of disease-free or overall survival in multivariate analysis.
  • Mortality rates were similar across different age groups (≤45, 46-65, >65 years).

Conclusions:

  • Younger patients tend to present with more aggressive and advanced breast cancer.
  • Age alone does not provide independent prognostic information for breast cancer.
  • Age should not be the sole factor in breast cancer management decisions.