Human vertical optokinetic nystagmus and after-response, and their dependence upon head orientation with respect to...

Characteristics of human vertical optokinetic nystagmus (VOKN) and afternystagmus (VOKAN) were examined by electro-oculography in 18 normal human subjects by means of the analysis of slow phase velocity (SPV) and area under the regression curve of the VOKAN decay. Under normal gravity, subjects were tested in upright and left ear down (90 degrees roll) positions, respectively, using a hemisphere onto which stripes were projected at a velocity of 40 degrees/s in left, right, up and down directions. Analysis of the VOKN and VOKAN revealed a significant asymmetry of vertical eye movements in the subjects' sagittal plane, ie, stronger upward SPV than downward in both VOKN and VOKAN decay. This asymmetry became even more prominent when the head was in the 90 degrees roll position. It is postulated that the asymmetry of VOKN and VOKAN in humans, as in animals, is due to the asymmetrical storage capability of the vertical velocity storage mechanism which mainly contributes to upward eye movements. In addition, it is postulated that the vertical storage mechanism is modified by the action of gravity on the otolith organs. However, only two out of our 18 subjects demonstrated cross-coupling, as reported in animals, from the horizontal to the vertical mode of storage when the head was tilted away from the spatial vertical.