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Related Concept Videos

Bile01:19

Bile

Bile is a crucial bodily fluid, characterized by its yellow-green color and alkaline nature. Produced in the liver, it is transported through the common hepatic duct into either the cystic duct, leading to the gallbladder, or directly into the common bile duct. The flow of bile is regulated by the sphincter of Oddi located at the entrance of the duodenum. When this sphincter is closed, bile is redirected to the gallbladder for storage and concentration.
Bile is released when dietary fats enter...
Gallbladder01:17

Gallbladder

The gallbladder is a small, pear-shaped organ that plays a crucial role in our digestive system. Measuring about 10 cm in length, it is comparable in size to a kiwi fruit and is located in a hollow area on the lower surface of the liver. The gallbladder's primary function is to store and concentrate bile, a fluid produced by the liver that aids in digestion.
The gallbladder's anatomy consists of three regions: the fundus, body, and neck. Extending from the neck, the cystic duct joins the common...
Hepatic Drug Excretion: Influencing Factors01:16

Hepatic Drug Excretion: Influencing Factors

The biliary system of the liver, crucial for bile secretion and drug excretion, comprises intrahepatic bile ducts that merge to form the common hepatic duct. This duct, carrying hepatic bile, combines with the cystic duct, draining the gallbladder and forming the common bile duct, which empties into the duodenum. Bile, produced by hepatic cells lining the bile canaliculi, is composed primarily of water, bile salts, pigments, electrolytes, and lesser amounts of cholesterol and fatty acids. Bile...
Cholecystitis01:20

Cholecystitis

Cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder, most commonly caused by obstruction of the cystic duct. This blockage prevents bile from draining, leading to gallbladder distension, inflammation, and potentially serious complications. This condition may present acutely or chronically and can happen with or without gallstones.EtiologyAbout 95% of cholecystitis cases are calculous, caused by gallstones blocking the cystic duct, leading to bile accumulation and inflammation of the gallbladder...
Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction01:25

Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction

Chronic pancreatitis is a long-standing, relapsing inflammation of the pancreas, characterized by irreversible damage to the gland. It results in progressive destruction of the pancreatic parenchyma, fibrosis, and eventual loss of both exocrine and endocrine function. The disease may evolve gradually after multiple episodes of acute pancreatitis or develop independently.EtiologyChronic pancreatitis can arise from a variety of causes:Alcohol use is the leading cause, accounting for 70–80% of...
Chronic Pancreatitis II: Pathophysiology01:21

Chronic Pancreatitis II: Pathophysiology

Chronic pancreatitis is a progressive and irreversible inflammation of the pancreas, most often caused by long-term alcohol abuse, but it can also be related to ductal obstruction, smoking, or genetic factors.Chronic pancreatitis occurs when the pancreas is repeatedly exposed to harmful agents like alcohol, smoking, ductal obstruction, or genetic predisposition. These factors lead to the release of toxic metabolites and inflammatory cytokines, sustaining chronic inflammation in the pancreatic...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Bile Duct Ligation in Mice: Induction of Inflammatory Liver Injury and Fibrosis by Obstructive Cholestasis
08:56

Bile Duct Ligation in Mice: Induction of Inflammatory Liver Injury and Fibrosis by Obstructive Cholestasis

Published on: February 10, 2015

Increased biliary protein precedes gallstone formation

A J Moser1, M Z Abedin, J J Roslyn

  • 1Department of Surgery, UCLA School of Medicine.

Digestive Diseases and Sciences
|June 1, 1994
PubMed
Summary

Elevated biliary total protein precedes cholesterol gallstone formation. This protein increase correlates with cholesterol saturation and calcium, suggesting a role in gallstone pathogenesis.

Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Hepatology
  • Pathogenesis of Gallstones

Background:

  • Nucleation is crucial for cholesterol gallstone formation, but causative factors remain unclear.
  • Biliary total protein may be a novel nucleating factor, as indicated by increased levels in patients with gallstones.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if biliary total protein increases before cholesterol gallstone development.
  • To explore the relationship between biliary total protein, cholesterol saturation, and calcium in gallstone formation.

Main Methods:

  • Prairie dogs were fed a cholesterol-enriched diet for 18 weeks.
  • Bile was analyzed for lipids, bile acids, calcium, and protein content in control, pregallstone, and gallstone groups.

Main Results:

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Last Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Bile Duct Ligation in Mice: Induction of Inflammatory Liver Injury and Fibrosis by Obstructive Cholestasis
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  • Cholesterol feeding increased gallbladder cholesterol, phospholipids, and calcium.
  • Biliary total protein was significantly elevated in pregallstone and gallstone animals compared to controls.
  • Total protein in gallbladder bile positively correlated with cholesterol saturation index and calcium levels.

Conclusions:

  • Biliary total protein is elevated prior to cholesterol gallstone formation in prairie dogs.
  • Increased biliary total protein appears to be a gallbladder phenomenon, not originating in the liver.
  • Biliary total protein is a potential nucleating factor in cholesterol gallstone pathogenesis.