Estrogen regulation of the insulin-like growth factor I gene transcription involves an AP-1 enhancer

As a step toward elucidating the physiological role of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) in mediating estrogen action, we sought to determine the molecular basis of the phenomenon. In HepG2 cells expressing exogenous estrogen receptors (ER), a reporter gene plasmid containing 600 base pairs of the chicken IGF-I promoter enhanced expression of luciferase 8.6-fold in response to 10(-6) M 17 beta-estradiol, indicating that the IGF-I promoter is a target of estrogen regulation. Although no conventional estrogen-responsive element was identified within the promoter fragment, the AP-1 motif located therein was shown to be essential; the estrogen-responsive enhancement of the Fos-Jun binding to the AP-1 motif, which takes place by means of post-translational modification, mediates the estrogen action. A direct or indirect interaction between the estrogen-ER complex and the Fos-Jun complex seems to facilitate the Fos-Jun binding to the target DNA. Although ER binding to the target DNA was not considered to be involved in the signaling pathway, the DNA binding domain-deficient ER did not mediate the phenomenon, providing support for the existence of a unique function of the DNA binding domain of ER in facilitating some protein-protein interaction. In conclusion, our present observations demonstrate that the chicken IGF-I gene promoter is controlled by estrogen through a unique pathway involving Fos, Jun, and the DNA binding domain of ER.