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Placental water content and distribution

G Barker1, R D Boyd, S W D'Souza

  • 1Department of Child Health, University of Manchester, UK.

Placenta
|January 1, 1994
PubMed
Summary

Placental water content (%H2O(T)) was higher in placentas from caesarean sections compared to vaginal deliveries. However, other placental volume measurements remained unaffected by delivery mode or gestational age.

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Area of Science:

  • Perinatology
  • Obstetrics
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Placental water and blood volume are crucial for fetal development.
  • Understanding placental composition variations is important for assessing pregnancy complications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify placental water, maternal blood volume, fetal blood volume, extracellular water, and intracellular water in different pregnancy and delivery scenarios.
  • To establish normal ranges for these parameters in term vaginal deliveries.
  • To investigate alterations in these parameters associated with caesarean sections, gestational age, and specific pregnancy complications.

Main Methods:

  • Placental fragments were incubated to measure changes in dry weight, maternal and fetal hemoglobin, and 51CrEDTA space.
  • These measurements were used to calculate percentages of total placental water (%H2O(T)), maternal blood volume (%MBV), fetal blood volume (%FBV), extracellular water (%EW), and intracellular water (%IW).

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  • Placentas were analyzed from normal vaginal deliveries, term caesarean sections, preterm caesarean sections, and pregnancies with complications like rhesus incompatibility, IUGR, pre-eclampsia, hypertension, and diabetes.

    • Main Results:

    • Normal ranges for term vaginal deliveries were established: %H2O(T) 83.9 ± 0.2%, %MBV 10.9 ± 0.2%, %FBV 7.4 ± 0.9%, %EW 57.3 ± 1.3%, and %IW 11.2 ± 0.6%.
    • %H2O(T) was significantly higher in placentas from caesarean sections compared to vaginal deliveries.
    • No significant differences were observed in these parameters between placentas from 33-37 weeks and 38-42 weeks gestation.
    • Elevated %H2O(T) was noted in some placentas with rhesus incompatibility and IUGR.
    • Histological diagnosis of 'true' edema correlated with high %IW and %H2O(T).

    Conclusions:

    • Caesarean section delivery is associated with increased placental water content (%H2O(T)).
    • Placental water and volume measurements do not appear to be significantly affected by gestational age within the studied ranges.
    • Alterations in placental water content may be linked to specific pregnancy complications and histological findings like edema, potentially due to changes in placental cell volume regulation.