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Insulin-like growth factors

D LeRoith1, C T Roberts

  • 1Section of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892.

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
|August 27, 1993
PubMed
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This review highlights the intricate structure and multi-level gene regulation of Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF-I and IGF-II) genes. Complex organization allows precise control over the synthesis and secretion of these vital regulatory peptides.

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Insulin-like Growth Factors (IGFs) are crucial regulatory peptides involved in growth and development.
  • Understanding the genetic basis of IGF-I and IGF-II is essential for comprehending their biological roles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the key aspects of IGF-I and IGF-II gene structure.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms governing the expression and regulation of IGF-I and IGF-II genes.
  • To emphasize the complexity and multi-level control inherent in IGF gene regulation.

Main Methods:

  • This is a review article, synthesizing existing knowledge on gene structure and regulation.
  • Analysis of gene organization, including transcription start sites and alternative splicing.

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  • Examination of regulatory mechanisms at transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and translational levels.

    • Main Results:

    • IGF-I and IGF-II genes possess complex organizational structures.
    • Gene expression is regulated at multiple interconnected levels.
    • Specific examples include the influence of transcription start sites on 5'-UTR and mRNA translatability, and alternative splicing affecting prohormone structure and processing.

    Conclusions:

    • The intricate gene organization of IGF-I and IGF-II facilitates sophisticated, multi-level regulatory control.
    • This complexity ensures precise regulation of synthesis, processing, and secretion of IGF peptides.
    • Interactions between different regulatory levels are critical for fine-tuning IGF production.