Shear bond strengths of new enamel etchants
Related Experiment Video
Updated: Nov 8, 2026

Standardized Protocol to Evaluate the Effect of Surface Treatments, Luting Cements, and Thermocycling on PEEK–Composite Bond Strength
Published on: June 9, 2026
1Department of Operative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242.
Abstract:
Many dental adhesive systems now rely on simultaneous etching of enamel and dentin. Instead of the traditional 35-40% phosphoric acid, new etchants (including 10% maleic acid, 10% phosphoric acid, and oxalic acid/aluminum nitrate) are used. This in vitro study determined the shear bond strengths of resin composite to enamel which was etched with these agents according to manufacturers' instructions. The control etchant, 35% phosphoric acid, gave a mean bond strength of 24.5 MPa. 10% maleic acid and 10% phosphoric acid had significantly lower shear bond strengths (13.2 MPa). Gluma 1 & 2 Conditioner (oxalic acid/aluminum nitrate) had a mean bond strength of 6.3 MPa, which was significantly less than the other etchants. Bond strengths for each etchant were not affected by the type of unfilled resin used.
Related Concept Videos
Bonding and Strength of Aggregate
Bond Energies and Bond Lengths
Effects of EDTA on End-Point Detection Methods
In the visual method, metal-ion indicators (metallochromic dyes), which have distinct colors in their free and complex forms, are added to the mixture to signal the titration's end point. They form stable complexes with metal ions, but these complexes are weaker than the corresponding metal–EDTA complexes. As a result, EDTA...
EDTA: Auxiliary Complexing Reagents
EDTA: Conditional Formation Constant
For the equilibrium reaction of the metal with the Y4− form of EDTA, the formation...
Masking and Demasking Agents
There are many masking agents, such as cyanide, fluoride, triethanolamine, thiourea, and 2,3-bis(sulfanyl)propan-1-ol (formerly 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanol), with the masking agent chosen based on the metal...
