Rhabdomyolysis: a review of the literature

Rhabdomyolysis (lysis of skeletal muscle cells) is a potentially lethal syndrome with a broad spectrum of clinical and biochemical findings. Myalgia, pigmenturia and elevated activity of serum creatine kinase are the common features. Fulminant rhabdomyolysis may be associated with severe metabolic disturbances and involvement of other organ systems. Cardiac arrest, compartment syndrome and acute renal failure are the major complications. The extent of the life-threatening complications of rhabdomyolysis strongly depends on early diagnosis and adequate therapy. As the repair mechanism of striated muscle functions very well, the prognosis of adequately treated rhabdomyolysis is excellent. This article reviews the present state of knowledge of clinical and biochemical diagnosis of rhabdomyolysis, the pathophysiologic background, the classification and the etiological provocative factors.