Measurement of total respiratory impedance in dogs by the forced oscillation technique

The resistance (Rrs) and reactance (Xrs) of the total respiratory system were determined at various frequencies in 14 healthy conscious beagle dogs. A pseudorandom noise pressure wave was produced at the nostrils of the animals by means of a loudspeaker adapted to the nose by a tightly fitting mask. A Fourier analysis of the pressure and flow signals yielded mean Rrs and Xrs, over 16 s, at frequencies from 2 to 26 Hz. The influence of the posture of the dog, the position of its head, the linearity of the respiratory system, the reproducibility of the method and the effects of upper and lower airway obstructions were studied. In sitting and standing healthy dogs with the head in the extended position, Rrs values increased progressively with frequency from 5.4 +/- 0.4 (SEM) cmH2O L-1s at 6 Hz up to 8.8 +/- 0.7 cmH2O L-1s at 26 Hz, the mean resonant frequency being 6.1 +/- 0.5 Hz. No significant differences were observed between measurements performed with the head in the normal or the extended position. In a recumbent posture, all Rrs values were increased but Rrs was still dependent on the frequency in the same way (7.1 +/- 0.7 cmH2O L-1s at 6Hz up to 10.0 +/- 0.5 cmH2O L-1s at 26 Hz). Tracheal compression also induced higher Rrs values without changes in the frequency dependence or in the resonant frequency. In anaesthetized dogs, airway obstruction was induced by inhalation of histamine (4 mg/ml for 5 min; the Rrs values tended to decrease with increasing frequency, and the resonant frequency was markedly increased.