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Polymerase chain reaction: basic concepts and clinical applications in dermatology
1Department of Dermatology, Bowman Gray School of Medicine of Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1071.
Abstract:
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been extensively used in basic science research, and the clinical potential of PCR is only now beginning to be realized. The PCR is based on the fundamental DNA replication process that occurs in every living cell. PCR is essentially an in vitro adaptation of the in vivo DNA copying process. Because PCR is so efficient at amplifying even picogram quantities of DNA, contamination with even trace amounts of nucleic acids can lead to the generation of unwanted DNA sequences and false-positive test results. Despite this, there has been rapid growth in the use of PCR in biomedical research and clinical diagnostics. PCR is the most sensitive test for herpes simplex virus, varicella-zoster virus, and human papillomavirus infections. Other diagnostic uses, including tests for genetic diseases, cancers, and other infectious diseases, are evolving.
Insights
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplifies DNA for research and diagnostics. While sensitive, contamination can cause false positives, but its clinical applications are rapidly expanding.
Area of Science:
- Molecular Biology
- Biotechnology
- Clinical Diagnostics
Background:
- The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a fundamental technique in molecular biology, mimicking in vivo DNA replication.
- Its in vitro adaptation allows for efficient amplification of minute DNA quantities, crucial for various scientific applications.
Purpose of the Study:
- To highlight the expanding clinical potential of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
- To discuss the applications of PCR in biomedical research and clinical diagnostics.
Main Methods:
- The core principle of PCR involves in vitro DNA amplification, based on natural DNA replication processes.
- High sensitivity allows amplification of picogram quantities of DNA.
Main Results:
- PCR is highly sensitive for detecting herpes simplex virus, varicella-zoster virus, and human papillomavirus infections.
- Emerging diagnostic applications include genetic diseases, cancers, and other infectious diseases.
Conclusions:
- Despite challenges with contamination leading to false positives, PCR's role in clinical diagnostics is rapidly growing.
- The technique's efficiency and sensitivity are driving its adoption across diverse biomedical fields.