Transfer of arsenite from glutathione to dithiols: a model of interaction

The interactions of arsenate and arsenite with meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) have been characterized using carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance. These studies show that DMSA reduces arsenate to arsenite and complexes arsenite. Monitoring the carbon-13 signals of complexed DMSA and liberated glutathione shows that DMSA readily extracts arsenite from a (glutathione)3-arsenite complex, proving the affinity of arsenite for dithiols is greater than that for monothiols. Competition between DMSA (vicinal thiols) and dithioerythritol (1,4-dimercapto-2,3-butanediol) for binding of arsenite indicates that the binding affinity is inversely related to the distance between the two thiol groups. On the basis of these findings, a model for the interaction of arsenic with mono- and dithiol-containing molecules is proposed.