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Related Concept Videos

Inflammation01:38

Inflammation

Overview
Inflammatory Response I: Vascular and Cellular01:30

Inflammatory Response I: Vascular and Cellular

The inflammatory response is the body's defense against infection, injury, or irritation from bacteria, trauma, toxins, or heat. Inflammation helps locate and destroy pathogens and remove damaged tissue elements to heal the body. During this initial phase, fluid, blood products, and nutrients migrate to the injured area, resulting in redness, heat, swelling, ache, and loss of function. Moreover, signs of systemic inflammation include fever, increased WBC count, malaise, anorexia, nausea,...
Vascular Spasm01:16

Vascular Spasm

The vascular phase, also known as vasospasm, is the initial stage of hemostasis, crucial for preventing excessive bleeding when a blood vessel is injured. After a vessel is cut, nerves in the damaged area trigger pain and other sensory impulses. Simultaneously, the smooth muscles in the vessel wall contract, resulting in a vascular spasm. This contraction reduces the vessel's diameter at the injury site, slowing or stopping blood loss through the vessel wall. Vascular spasms typically last for...
Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...
Acute Inflammation I: Inflammatory Response01:26

Acute Inflammation I: Inflammatory Response

Acute inflammation is a rapid, short-lived physiological response to tissue injury or infection, designed to eliminate harmful agents and initiate repair. This tightly regulated process typically lasts from minutes to several days and is triggered by factors such as microbial invasion, physical trauma, or chemical injury.Recognition and Mediator ReleaseThe inflammatory response begins when resident immune cells—such as mast cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells—detect damage-associated...
Acute Inflammation III: Local and Systemic Effects01:25

Acute Inflammation III: Local and Systemic Effects

Acute inflammation produces a coordinated set of local and systemic changes that limit injury, eliminate pathogens, and initiate repair. These responses arise within minutes of infection, trauma, or chemical insult and are driven by vascular alterations and leukocyte-derived mediators. When the stimulus resolves, the reaction typically abates within days.Local EffectsAt the site of injury, arteriolar vasodilation increases blood flow, resulting in redness and warmth. Simultaneously, increased...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Imaging Leukocyte Adhesion to the Vascular Endothelium at High Intraluminal Pressure
06:20

Imaging Leukocyte Adhesion to the Vascular Endothelium at High Intraluminal Pressure

Published on: August 23, 2011

Vasoconstriction in response to activated leukocytes: implications for vasospasm

A Mügge1, J A Lopez, D D Heistad

  • 1Cardiovascular Division, University of Iowa School of Medicine, Iowa City.

European Heart Journal
|November 1, 1993
PubMed
Summary

Activated leukocytes, stimulated by thrombin or C5a, cause significant vasoconstriction. This process, particularly in atherosclerotic conditions, may contribute to cardiovascular disease by releasing vasoactive factors.

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Last Updated: Jun 26, 2026

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Laminar Flow-based Assays to Investigate Leukocyte Recruitment on Cultured Vascular Cells and Adherent Platelets
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Laminar Flow-based Assays to Investigate Leukocyte Recruitment on Cultured Vascular Cells and Adherent Platelets

Published on: April 9, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Physiology
  • Immunology
  • Vascular Biology

Background:

  • Leukocyte activation is implicated in inflammatory processes.
  • The role of activated leukocytes in direct vascular tone regulation is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the vasoconstrictive potential of activated human leukocytes.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms and in vivo relevance of leukocyte-mediated vasoconstriction, particularly in the context of atherosclerosis.

Main Methods:

  • In vitro studies using human mononuclear leukocytes and isolated femoral arteries.
  • In vivo experiments in normal and atherosclerotic monkeys assessing vascular responses to complement C5a.
  • Human coronary circulation studies using N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) to assess leukocyte activation and coronary artery diameter.

Main Results:

  • Activated mononuclear leukocytes induced significant, endothelium-independent vasoconstriction in vitro.
  • Complement component C5a caused pronounced hind limb artery constriction in atherosclerotic monkeys but not in normal animals, suggesting leukocyte involvement.
  • Intracoronary fMLP administration reduced coronary artery diameter and leukocyte counts, indicating leukocyte activation contributes to vasoconstriction.

Conclusions:

  • Activated leukocytes, through mechanisms potentially involving stable vasoactive factors, can induce significant vasoconstriction.
  • Leukocyte-derived vasoconstriction may play a role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular complications, especially in atherosclerosis.