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Acellular pertussis vaccines in infants: evaluation of single component and two-component products
E L Anderson1, C M Mink, B S Berlin
1Department of Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, MO 63110.
Insights
New acellular pertussis vaccines show fewer reactions than whole-cell vaccines. The single-component LPF vaccine generated higher anti-LPF antibody levels, while the two-component LPF/FHA vaccine was superior for anti-FHA antibodies.
Area of Science:
- Immunology
- Vaccinology
- Pediatrics
Background:
- Pertussis remains a significant public health concern, necessitating effective vaccination strategies.
- Acellular pertussis vaccines (aP) offer an alternative to whole-cell vaccines (wP) with potentially fewer adverse reactions.
- Evaluating novel aP formulations is crucial for improving pertussis prevention.
Purpose of the Study:
- To compare the safety and immunogenicity of two investigational acellular pertussis vaccines against a whole-cell pertussis vaccine in infants.
- To assess antibody responses to pertussis components, specifically filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) and pertussis toxin (PT) (represented by LPF toxoid).
Main Methods:
- A randomized controlled trial involving three groups of 25 infants.
- Group 1 received a diphtheria, tetanus toxoids, and acellular pertussis vaccine with LPF toxoid.
- Group 2 received a diphtheria, tetanus toxoids, and acellular pertussis vaccine with LPF toxoid and FHA.
- Group 3 (control) received a diphtheria, tetanus toxoids, and whole-cell pertussis vaccine (DTP).
- Local and systemic reactions were monitored, and antibody concentrations to LPF and FHA were measured post-immunization using ELISA and CHO cell assays.
Main Results:
- Infants receiving either aP vaccine experienced significantly fewer local and systemic reactions compared to those given the wP vaccine.
- The single-component LPF vaccine elicited the highest antibody concentrations to LPF.
- The two-component LPF/FHA vaccine induced the highest antibody concentrations to FHA.
- A significantly lower serological response to LPF was observed in infants who received the two-component aP vaccine compared to the single-component aP vaccine.
Conclusions:
- Both investigational acellular pertussis vaccines were safer than the whole-cell pertussis vaccine, with reduced adverse reactions.
- The single-component LPF vaccine demonstrated superior immunogenicity for LPF, while the two-component LPF/FHA vaccine was more immunogenic for FHA.
- Further research is warranted to elucidate the reasons for the observed differences in immunogenicity between the two acellular vaccine formulations.
Abstract:
Two acellular pertussis vaccines, one containing only LPF toxoid (25 micrograms) and the other containing LPF toxoid (25 micrograms) and FHA (25 micrograms) and each combined with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, were evaluated in two groups of 25 infants. A third group of 25 infants served as controls and received a DTP whole-cell pertussis vaccine. Infants given either acellular pertussis vaccine had significantly fewer local and systemic reactions than infants given whole-cell vaccine. Among the three vaccine groups, infants given the LPF vaccine (single component) had the highest concentration of antibody to LPF after three immunizations. Infants receiving the LPF/FHA vaccine (two-component) had the highest concentration of antibody to FHA after three immunizations. Infants vaccinated with the two-component vaccine had a significantly lower serological response to LPF than infants given the single component vaccine, as measured by either enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or CHO cell assay. Further studies are necessary to determine why differences in immunogenicity of the two investigational vaccines occurred.