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Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Properties of Transition Metals02:58

Properties of Transition Metals

30.0K
Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
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Cooperative Allosteric Transitions01:58

Cooperative Allosteric Transitions

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Cooperative allosteric transitions can occur in multimeric proteins, where each subunit of the protein has its own ligand-binding site. When a ligand binds to any of these subunits, it triggers a conformational change that affects the binding sites in the other subunits; this can change the affinity of the other sites for their respective ligands. The ability of the protein to change the shape of its binding site is attributed to the presence of a mix of flexible and stable segments in the...
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Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

21.5K
The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
21.5K
Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

20.3K
Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
20.3K
Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

15.2K
Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Phase Transitions and Effect of Intermolecular Forces
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Phase Transitions and Effect of Intermolecular Forces

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Extracellular interception of mutagens

D M Shankel1, S Kuo, C Haines

  • 1Department of Microbiology, University of Kansas, Lawrence 66045.

Basic Life Sciences
|January 1, 1993
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Natural compounds called desmutagens intercept harmful mutagens and carcinogens extracellularly. These agents, including plant extracts and antioxidants, prevent mutagen activation and neutralize them through various mechanisms.

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Last Updated: Feb 10, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Toxicology
  • Natural Product Chemistry

Background:

  • Extracellular defense mechanisms protect against chemical mutagens and carcinogens.
  • Kada and Shimoi defined desmutagens as molecules intercepting mutagens.
  • Natural cellular metabolites often function as desmutagens.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore desmutagenic mechanisms and their classification.
  • To investigate natural plant-derived materials as desmutagens.
  • To highlight the role of antioxidants and electrophile conjugators in mutagen interception.

Main Methods:

  • Reviewing existing literature on desmutagen classification and mechanisms.
  • Analyzing studies on natural compounds like humic acid, Glycyrrhiza glabra extract, glutathione, and bioflavonoids.
  • Examining mechanisms such as preventing promutagen activation, stimulating detoxifying enzymes, and direct binding of mutagens.

Main Results:

  • Desmutagens employ diverse strategies including blocking mutagen activation and direct inactivation.
  • Natural products like plant extracts and bioflavonoids exhibit significant desmutagenic activity.
  • Antioxidant properties and electrophile conjugation are key modes of action for desmutagens.

Conclusions:

  • Extracellular interception by desmutagens is a vital defense against mutagens and carcinogens.
  • Natural compounds offer promising avenues for developing desmutagenic agents.
  • Understanding these mechanisms aids in cancer prevention strategies.