Steady-state electrodiffusion. Scaling, exact solution for ions of one charge, and the phase plane

This is the first of two papers dealing with electrodiffusion theory (the Nernst-Planck equation coupled with Gauss's law) and its application to the current-voltage behavior of squid axon. New developments in the exact analysis of the steady-state electrodiffusion problem presented here include (a) a scale transformation that connects a given solution to an infinity of other solutions, suggesting the po-sibility of direct comparison of electrical data for membranes with different thicknesses and other properties; (b) a first-integral relation between the electric field and ion densities more general than analogous relations previously reported, and (c) an exact solution for the homovalent system, i.e., a membrane system permeated by various ion species of the same charge. The latter is a generalization of the known one-ion solution. The properties of the homovalent solution are investigated analytically and graphically. In particular we study the phase-plane curves, which reduce to the parabolas discussed by K. S. Cole in the special case in which the current-density parameter (a linear combination of the ionic current densities) is zero.