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Olfactory-related changes in Alzheimer's disease: a quantitative neuropathologic study

P F Reyes1, D A Deems, M G Suarez

  • 1Department of Neurology and Pathology, Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107.

Brain Research Bulletin
|January 1, 1993
PubMed
Summary

Alzheimer's disease (AD) shows significant damage in the brain's olfactory system. This study found more neurofibrillary tangles and plaques in olfactory areas, suggesting a link to cognitive decline.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuropathology
  • Neuroscience
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder.
  • Olfactory dysfunction is frequently reported in AD patients.
  • The central olfactory system's role in AD pathogenesis requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantitatively assess neuropathological changes in the central olfactory apparatus in Alzheimer's disease.
  • To compare the distribution and density of AD neuropathological hallmarks in olfactory regions versus other brain areas.
  • To explore the potential relationship between olfactory system damage and clinical manifestations of AD.

Main Methods:

  • Neuropathological examination of brain tissue from 10 confirmed Alzheimer's disease cases.

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  • Comparison with brain tissue from 7 age- and gender-matched control subjects.
  • Quantitative analysis of neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques in specific brain regions, including the olfactory cortex and its projections.

    • Main Results:

    • Significantly increased numbers of neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques were observed in the olfactory cortex of AD cases compared to controls.
    • High concentrations of these hallmarks were also found in brain regions receiving olfactory projections.
    • Neurofibrillary tangle formation was more prevalent than neuritic plaque formation in AD tissues.

    Conclusions:

    • This study provides the first quantitative evidence of significant damage to the central olfactory apparatus in Alzheimer's disease.
    • Damage to olfactory pathways may contribute to the behavioral, emotional, and cognitive symptoms associated with AD.
    • Antemortem evaluation of olfactory function could potentially serve as a diagnostic tool for Alzheimer's disease.