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The developing caudate nucleus in the euthyroid and hypothyroid rat

E J Lu, W J Brown

    The Journal of Comparative Neurology
    |January 15, 1977
    PubMed
    Summary
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    Neonatal thyroid deficiency impairs basal ganglia development, affecting neuron growth and structure. This developmental imperfection may contribute to cognitive and motor deficits observed in humans.

    Area of Science:

    • Neuroscience
    • Developmental Biology
    • Endocrinology

    Background:

    • The basal ganglia play a crucial role in learning and motor control.
    • Neonatal thyroid deficiency is known to impact cognitive functions (mentation).
    • Understanding the developing caudate nucleus is key to insights into subcortical brain function and mental retardation.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the effects of neonatal thyroid deficiency on the developing caudate nucleus structure and function.
    • To explore the potential link between caudate nucleus developmental disturbances and mental retardation.

    Main Methods:

    • Propylthiouracil was administered to lactating rat dams to induce hypothyroidism in offspring.
    • Developing caudate nuclei were examined at multiple postnatal ages (8, 14, 20, 30, 42 days).

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  • Histological techniques including tissue stains and Golgi-Cox preparations were employed, alongside computer analysis of cell counts.

    • Main Results:

    • Seven distinct neuron types were identified in the caudate nucleus.
    • Normal development involves increasing neuron incidence and decreasing germinal matrix density in the first three postnatal weeks.
    • Thyroid deficiency led to reduced neuron numbers, inhibited dendritic arborization, fewer dendritic spines, and less complex axonal plexuses, despite a compensatory growth spurt between days 14-30.

    Conclusions:

    • Neonatal thyroid deficiency causes generalized disturbances in caudate nucleus morphological maturation.
    • Despite a compensatory growth spurt, developmental imperfections persist, potentially underlying mental retardation, motor deficits, and perceptual handicaps.
    • The study highlights the critical role of thyroid hormone in normal basal ganglia development.