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Updated: Aug 9, 2026
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Ultrasound Images of the Tongue: A Tutorial for Assessment and Remediation of Speech Sound Errors
Published on: January 3, 2017
Perceptual characteristics of consonant errors associated with malocclusion
1Department of Communication Disorders, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Summary
Malocclusion type influences speech sound errors, particularly with sibilants and affricates. Class II malocclusions allow compensatory tongue postures, unlike Class III, affecting articulation accuracy.
Area of Science:
- Speech-Language Pathology
- Orthodontics
- Linguistics
Background:
- Malocclusion, a dental anomaly, can affect speech production.
- Previous research indicates a link between occlusal defects and articulation errors.
- Understanding these relationships is crucial for targeted speech therapy.
Purpose of the Study:
- To compare articulation errors across different malocclusion types (Class II, Class II with open-bite, Class III, Class III with open-bite).
- To identify specific sound groups and malocclusion types associated with distinct error patterns.
- To investigate the influence of malocclusion on compensatory speech mechanisms.
Main Methods:
- Comparative analysis of articulation errors in subjects with defined malocclusion categories.
- Categorization of errors based on sound type (sibilants, stops) and distortion type (visual, auditory).
- Assessment of tongue and mandibular postures during speech sound production.
Main Results:
- Sibilants (/s, z/) and affricates (
- ch, j, dz
- ") were most prone to errors, often with combined visual/auditory distortions, across all malocclusion types.
- Stop consonants (/p, b, m, t, d, n/) errors were less frequent and primarily visual.
- Class II malocclusions (with or without open bite) allowed for compensatory tongue/mandibular movements for /s/ and /z/ sounds.
- Class III malocclusions lacked these compensations, with the tongue positioned distally, scattering the airflow.
Conclusions:
- Articulation errors are influenced by the type of malocclusion.
- Sibilants and affricates are particularly susceptible to misproduction related to specific occlusal defects.
- Class III malocclusions present unique challenges for producing certain speech sounds due to anatomical limitations.
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