Resistance training during preadolescence. Issues and controversies

Area of Science:

• Pediatric Exercise Science
• Sports Medicine
• Human Physiology

Background:

• Resistance training is increasingly recognized for its potential benefits in preadolescent populations.
• Understanding the specific adaptations and risks associated with resistance training in children is crucial for safe and effective programming.

Purpose of the Study:

• To evaluate the efficacy and safety of high-intensity resistance training in preadolescents.
• To investigate the mechanisms underlying strength gains and potential detraining effects in this age group.

Main Methods:

• The study synthesized existing research on resistance training in preadolescents, analyzing strength gains, neuromuscular adaptations, and effects on somatic growth and sports performance.
• Data on injury rates and cardiorespiratory fitness changes were also reviewed.

Main Results:

• Preadolescents exhibit significant strength gains, comparable in relative terms to older individuals, primarily driven by enhanced neuromuscular activation rather than muscle hypertrophy.
• Strength gains are reversible upon detraining, linked to reduced neuromuscular activation. Short-term training shows no adverse effects on growth, body composition, sports performance, or cardiorespiratory fitness.
• While unsupervised weightlifting can be injurious, prudently prescribed and supervised resistance training demonstrates a low risk of injury.

Conclusions:

• High-intensity resistance training is an effective method for increasing strength in preadolescents, with adaptations mediated by the nervous system.
• Supervised resistance training programs are safe for preadolescents and do not negatively impact somatic growth or cardiorespiratory fitness.
• Further research is needed to fully understand long-term effects and optimal training strategies for this demographic.