Near-infrared monitoring of the cerebral circulation

Near-infrared spectroscopy is a noninvasive bedside technique for monitoring hemoglobin saturation (HbO2%) in brain vasculature. The method linearly relates the optical signal detected from the surface of the head to HbO2%. To do so, the method relies on constant transcranial optical pathlength and light scattering as well as minimal interference by tissues overlying the brain. This study examined these premises. Optical signals from a dual-wavelength, near-infrared spectrometer were correlated with sagittal sinus HbO2% in 7 anesthetized piglets subjected to 7 different physiological conditions: normoxia, moderate and severe hypoxia, hyperoxia, hypocapnia, hypercapnic hyperoxia, and hypotension. These conditions were induced by varying the inspired O2 concentration (7-100%), ventilatory rate (5-35 breaths/min), and blood pressure (phlebotomy 20 ml/kg) to force HbO2% over a wide range (5-93%). To evaluate interference by tissues overlying the brain, correlations were repeated after the scalp and skull were rendered ischemic. Transcranial optical pathlength was measured by phase-modulated spectroscopy. Linear relationships between optical signals and sagittal sinus HbO2% were found with correlation coefficients ranging from -0.89 to -0.99 (p < 0.05) among animals; however, slope and intercept had coefficients of variability of approximately 15 and 333%, respectively. Almost identical linear expressions were observed whether scalp and skull were ischemic or perfused. Transcranial optical pathlength was constant in each animal, but ranged from 10 to 18 cm among animals. The data indicate that the assumptions underlying near infrared spectroscopy are reasonably accurate in a given animal, but that the constants for transcranial optical pathlength and light scattering are not the same in all animals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)