Gamma knife radiosurgery for acoustic tumors: multivariate analysis of four year results

In order to evaluate the results of radiosurgery for acoustic tumors and to identify optimum treatment parameters, an analysis of tumor control, as well as incidences of hearing loss, facial and trigeminal neuropathies was undertaken. Between August 1987 and August 1991, 134 patients with 136 acoustic tumors received stereotactic gamma knife radiosurgery at the University of Pittsburgh. Median follow-up was 24 months (range: 6-56 months). Tumor volumes ranged from 0.10 to 17.00 cm3 (median = 2.75 cm3). From one to ten isocenters were utilized per tumor treated (median = 3). Minimum tumor doses varied from 12 to 20 Gy (median = 17 Gy). The 4-year actuarial tumor control rate was 89.2 +/- 6.0%. Some degree of hearing (by pure tone audiometry) was preserved in 71.0 +/- 4.4% of patients. The actuarial rates for preservation of either pretreatment hearing level or useful hearing were 34.4 +/- 6.6% and 35.1 +/- 97% respectively. Respectively, the actuarial incidences of postradiosurgery facial and trigeminal neuropathies were 29.0 +/- 4.4% and 32.9 +/- 4.5%, respectively. No significant factors affecting tumor control were identified. Multivariate analysis identified a significantly increased risk of hearing loss in patients with neurofibromatosis (p = 0.0003) as well as decreased risks of facial and trigeminal neuropathies with both decreasing tumor diameter (p = 0.001) and increasing number of isocenters treated (p = 0.003). Radiosurgery is a safe and effective treatment for acoustic neuromas with acceptable morbidity that may be lowered by the use of multiple isocenter treatment techniques and by earlier treatment of small tumors.