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Related Concept Videos

Metastasis02:30

Metastasis

Metastasis is the spread of cancer cells from the original site to distant locations in the body. Cancer cells can spread via blood vessels (hematogenous) as well as lymph vessels in the body.
Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition
The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition or EMT is a developmental process commonly observed in wound healing, embryogenesis, and cancer metastasis. EMT is induced by transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) or receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) ligands, which further...
Cancer Therapies02:49

Cancer Therapies

Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
However, cancer treatments can pose several challenges, as therapies used to kill cancer cells are generally also toxic to normal cells. Moreover, cancer cells mutate rapidly and can develop resistance to chemical agents or radiation therapy. Besides, all types of cancer cells may not respond to the same therapy. Some cancer cells respond to one...
Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against specific...
Treatment Resistant Cancers02:56

Treatment Resistant Cancers

Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. A cancer cell is genetically unstable and hence can mutate faster. They can also modify their microenvironment and escape immune surveillance. The difficulties in treating cancer are further compounded by the emergence of rapid resistance to anticancer drugs. The most common ways to attain resistance in cancer cells include alteration in drug transport and metabolism, modification of drug target, elevated DNA damage response, or...
Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine02:50

Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine

Combining two or more treatment methods increases the life span of cancer patients while reducing damage to vital organs or tissue from the overuse of a single treatment. Combination therapy also targets different cancer-inducing pathways, thus reducing the chances of developing resistance to treatment.
The combination of the drug acetazolamide and sulforaphane is a good example of combination therapy to treat cancer. The cells in the interior of a large tumor often die due to the hypoxic and...
Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

Intracarotid Cancer Cell Injection to Produce Mouse Models of Brain Metastasis
07:43

Intracarotid Cancer Cell Injection to Produce Mouse Models of Brain Metastasis

Published on: February 8, 2017

Systemic therapy for metastatic breast cancer

C M Haskell, F C Sparks, P R Graze

    Annals of Internal Medicine
    |January 1, 1977
    PubMed
    Summary

    Estrogen receptor status in metastatic breast cancer dictates initial treatment. Hormone therapy is used for receptor-positive cases, while receptor-negative patients receive nonhormonal chemotherapy, often CMF.

    Area of Science:

    • Oncology
    • Medical Therapeutics

    Background:

    • Metastatic breast cancer treatment decisions are critical.
    • Estrogen receptor (ER) status is a key determinant in therapeutic strategy.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To outline initial therapeutic strategies for metastatic breast cancer based on ER status.
    • To review current and investigational treatment options for ER-positive and ER-negative metastatic breast cancer.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of conference data on metastatic breast cancer treatment.
    • Classification of patients based on estrogen receptor presence in primary or metastatic tumors.

    Main Results:

    • Estrogen receptor-positive tumors are candidates for hormonal manipulation.
    • Estrogen receptor-negative tumors are treated with nonhormonal chemotherapy, commonly cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil (CMF).

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    Last Updated: May 12, 2026

    Intracarotid Cancer Cell Injection to Produce Mouse Models of Brain Metastasis
    07:43

    Intracarotid Cancer Cell Injection to Produce Mouse Models of Brain Metastasis

    Published on: February 8, 2017

    Treatment of Liver Metastases Using an Internal Target Volume Method for Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy
    08:54

    Treatment of Liver Metastases Using an Internal Target Volume Method for Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy

    Published on: May 8, 2018

    Modeling Brain Metastasis by Internal Carotid Artery Injection of Cancer Cells
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    Modeling Brain Metastasis by Internal Carotid Artery Injection of Cancer Cells

    Published on: August 2, 2022

  • Combination chemotherapy, including immune stimulation (Corynebacterium parvum, BCG), is under investigation.

    • Conclusions:

    • Initial treatment for metastatic breast cancer should be guided by estrogen receptor status.
    • Combination chemotherapy shows promise as adjuvant therapy for Stage II primary breast cancer with micrometastatic disease.