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Electromagnetic interference in implantable pacemakers

W Irnich, J M de Bakker, H J Bisping

    Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology : PACE
    |January 1, 1978
    PubMed
    Summary
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    Inhibited pacemakers offer physiological benefits but can be disrupted by electromagnetic interference. Simple internal analysis can mitigate risks from certain interference types, but diathermy fields should be avoided.

    Area of Science:

    • Biomedical Engineering
    • Cardiology

    Background:

    • Inhibited pacemakers (VVI/AAI) are popular for combining physiological advantages with low current use in patients with spontaneous heart activity.
    • A key drawback of these pacemakers is their susceptibility to external electromagnetic interference (EMI).

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To highlight the risks associated with specific types of electromagnetic interference on inhibited pacemakers.
    • To explore potential solutions for mitigating EMI in pacemaker patients.

    Main Methods:

    • The study discusses the nature of "amplitude modulated" or "pulsed" fields with modulation frequencies in the physiological range.
    • It references environments like welding, electric steel plants, and medical applications where such fields occur.
    • The potential for simple time-analysis devices within pacemakers to counter interference is mentioned.

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    Main Results:

    • Electromagnetic fields, particularly those from welders, electric plants, and therapeutic currents, can interfere with pacemaker function.
    • Even simple touch-actuated switches can affect demand pacemakers.
    • Diathermy equipment poses a significant risk, potentially causing intolerably high or low pacemaker rates.

    Conclusions:

    • While pacemakers have improved EMI protection, specific modulated or pulsed fields remain a concern.
    • Simple internal time-analysis devices may offer a solution for certain interference types.
    • Patients with pacemakers should avoid exposure to diathermy equipment due to the risk of dangerous rate changes.