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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 18, 2026

A Computerized Test Battery to Study Pharmacodynamic Effects on the Central Nervous System of Cholinergic Drugs in Early Phase Drug Development

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Published on: February 11, 2019

A test of Magill's closed-to-open continuum for skill development

R M Hautala¹, J H Conn

¹School of HPER, University of Nebraska, Omaha 68182-0216.

Perceptual and Motor Skills

|August 1, 1993

Summary

This study investigated skill acquisition sequences for the Bachman Ladder. Results show that the order of practicing closed-to-open skills does not impact learning outcomes for this specific task.

Area of Science:

Motor Learning
Skill Acquisition
Sport Pedagogy

Background:

Learners often progress through skill progressions from closed to open environments.
The effectiveness of specific skill sequencing in motor learning remains an area of investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the efficacy of Magill's closed-to-open skill learning continuum arrangement.
To determine if the specific sequence of lead-up skills impacts performance on a complex motor task.

Main Methods:

Sixty-three university students were divided into three groups, each practicing the Bachman Ladder using different skill progression sequences.
Participants completed four practice sessions, culminating in a final scored session and a subsequent retention test.
Statistical analysis, including analysis of variance, was used to compare retention performance across groups.

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Published on: January 30, 2026

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Last Updated: Jul 18, 2026

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Published on: February 11, 2019

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Published on: January 30, 2026

Main Results:

No significant differences in retention performance were found between groups practicing different skill sequences.
Significant main effects for group and time were observed, indicating practice influenced performance, but the interaction effect was not significant.
This suggests the specific arrangement of lead-up skills within a closed-to-open continuum may not be critical for learning.

Conclusions:

Magill's conceptualization of a closed-to-open skill learning continuum is supported.
The specific order of practicing lead-up skills within this continuum does not appear critical for learning the Bachman Ladder task.
Further research is needed to explore task specificity within motor learning continua.