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Immune changes during long-duration missions

I V Konstantinova1, M P Rykova, A T Lesnyak

  • 1Institute for Biomedical Problems, Moscow, Russia.

Journal of Leukocyte Biology
|September 1, 1993
PubMed
Summary
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Spaceflight alters immune responses, with some immunoglobulin levels changing and T-cell functions decreasing post-flight. Immune system changes during space missions require further investigation for astronaut health.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Space Medicine
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Immune system changes during spaceflight are not fully understood.
  • Most research has focused on pre- vs. post-flight comparisons, with limited in-flight data.
  • Previous studies primarily by Russian investigators.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize immune system alterations observed in astronauts during and after space missions.
  • To highlight changes in immunoglobulin levels, hypersensitivity, and lymphocyte functions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing studies on cosmonaut immune responses.
  • Analysis of immunoglobulin (IgG, IgA, IgM) levels.
  • In-flight delayed-type hypersensitivity testing.
  • Assessment of lymphocyte blast transformation, T-lymphocyte proliferation, interleukin-2 production, leukocyte subsets, and natural killer cell activity.

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Main Results:

  • Spaceflight can lead to unchanged IgG, but increased IgA and IgM levels.
  • A subset of astronauts showed decreased in-flight hypersensitivity.
  • Post-flight, decreases were observed in PHA-triggered lymphocyte blast transformation, T-lymphocyte proliferation, IL-2 production, certain leukocyte subsets, and NK cell activity.
  • Interferon production and autoimmune markers remained largely unchanged or varied randomly.

Conclusions:

  • Space missions induce significant immune system modifications, particularly affecting cellular immunity and certain antibody levels.
  • Further research is needed to fully characterize inflight immune changes and their long-term implications for astronaut health and mission safety.