Reflection: a review of the literature

This paper is a review of the literature on reflection. The purpose was to unravel and make sense of the complex literature, and to identify the skills required to engage in reflection. An analysis of the literature revealed that differences between authors' accounts of reflective processes are largely those of terminology, detail and the extent to which these processes are arranged in a hierarchy. Key stages of reflection are identified and represented by a model. Skills required to engage in reflection were found to be implicit in the literature and these are identified. Methodological issues related to empirical literature are discussed. It is suggested that reflection is an important learning tool in professional education and that the skills required for reflection need to be developed in professional courses.