Visual cortical areas mediating form discrimination in the cat

Cats were trained pre- and/or postoperatively on flux and pattern discriminations, and were examined in a series of visuomotor tests which measured attention and orientation to, and following and localization of stationary and moving stimuli, in a free situation and in a perimetry test. Cortical lesions were placed in areas 17 and 18, or in the middle and posterior suprasylvian gyri and sulci--areas 19, 20, 21, 7 and lateral suprasylvian cortex (LSA), as delineated by cyto- and myeloarchitecture, and by electrophysiological mapping. After removal of all of area 17 and up to 90-95% of 18, postoperative learning of flux and pattern discriminations is at a high level, although in some cases slowed. Visuomotor behavior is normal. Such lesions result in severe atrophy only of laminae A, A1 and C in the lateral geniculate nuclear complex (LGNd). The neuronal systems for perceiving and discriminating simple, large planimetric patterns and forms, and for mediating visually guided behavior characteristic of this species lie outside of areas 17-18. The cortices primarily responsible for form discrimination in the cat include those in the suprasylvian gyri and sulci. After lesions which removed areas 19, 20, 21 and LSA, sparing most of 17-18, form discriminations based on orientation or shape were prolonged or absent. Although these animals showed slow tracking and poor depth judgment, the visual fields were full and they had good sensory and perceptive capacity as seen in normal flux and near normal pattern (gratings) discrimination. Such lesions result in severe atrophy in lateral and inferior pulvinar complex. Although these nuclei receive visual input primarily from the superficial laminae of the superior colliculus and certain nuclei of the pretectum, both areas 19 and LSA receive a dual input from pulvinar and parts of LGNd. Whether these marked deficits in form discrimination after suprasylvian lesions are due to involvement of certain crucial areas of this extensive cortex, or whether all are involved in some integrated fashion, is not yet completely clear. Removal of 19, 21 and parts of LSA are followed by similar (but somewhat less marked) deficits of both retention and learning. Lesion in area 20 alone (cortical target of the lateral pulvinar) leaves retention of preoperatively learned discriminations intact but results in prolonged initial learning. Previous work by the present authors has shown similar deficits in form discrimination in the cat after lesions in the pretectum-superior colliculus. These data, together with the present findings appear to support the hypothesis that the midbrain-pulvinar-cortical pathways provide the first stage in simple, coarse form perception and discrimination in this species.