In vitro tests for teratogens: desirable endpoints, test batteries and current status of the micromass teratogen test

Information from in vitro tests can be usefully used as a component of the risk/hazard assessment process. In vivo studies will be required to confirm the in vitro data. If the in vitro test system is designed around endpoints that reflect changes following in vivo toxic insult then it may be possible to modify the in vitro system to account for some of the discrepancies observed between in vivo and in vitro outcomes. When the discrepancy can be accounted for by low bioavailability in vivo, pharmacokinetic studies may be required to determine the relevance of the in vitro toxic concentrations. Reproductive hazard, especially teratogenicity, has been the subject of intensive in vitro test development. The observation of teratogenicity may affect the development of new products more significantly than any other type or category of reproductive toxicity. The micromass test, involving culture of differentiating rat embryo limb and midbrain cells exposed to test agents, may be useful as part of a battery of in vitro tests for teratogens. The most recent protocol for the micromass test is described, followed by a summary of validation and mechanistic studies confirming its usefulness. The test is robust in its transfer to new laboratories. Interlaboratory variability is small.