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Breast cancer in men

D B Thomas1

  • 1Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98104.

Epidemiologic Reviews
|January 1, 1993
PubMed
Summary

Male breast cancer studies reveal key insights into disease origins for both sexes. Hormonal factors, particularly the balance of androgens and estrogens, appear crucial in male breast cancer risk.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Epidemiology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Epidemiologic studies of male breast cancer offer unique insights into breast cancer pathogenesis and etiology applicable to both sexes.
  • Histological types of male breast cancer, primarily ductal, differ from females, reflecting anatomical differences (absence of lobular structures in males).
  • Variations in incidence and mortality rates observed in women are also present in men, indicating non-sex-specific etiological factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze epidemiologic data from male breast cancer studies to understand etiological factors.
  • To investigate the role of hormonal influences, including androgens and estrogens, in male breast cancer risk.
  • To compare incidence and risk factor patterns between male and female breast cancer.

Main Methods:

  • Review and analysis of existing epidemiologic studies on male breast cancer.
  • Comparison of incidence rates, histological types, and risk factors between male and female populations.
  • Correlation of hormonal status (androgens, estrogens) and related conditions with breast cancer risk in men.

Main Results:

  • Male breast cancer incidence rates are stable, unlike the temporal increase in women, suggesting detection or sex-specific risk factor changes.
  • Increased risk in men is associated with testicular pathology and dysfunction; decreased risk is linked to high fertility and exogenous androgens.
  • High estrogen levels, indicated by conditions like obesity and diabetes, are associated with increased male breast cancer risk.

Conclusions:

  • The balance of androgens and estrogens may be critically important in the etiology of breast cancer in both men and women.
  • Further studies in women should incorporate androgen measurements alongside estrogen assessments.
  • Family history of breast cancer approximately doubles the risk for both men and women.

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