Selective attention to Stroop dimensions: effects of baseline discriminability, response mode, and practice

The framework of dimensional interaction was used to test the hypothesis that the Stroop effect is partially rooted in mismatches in baseline discriminability, with stimulus differences along the word dimension typically exceeding stimulus differences along the color dimension. Subjects made speeded classifications, with either keypresses or vocalizations, of either words or colors. Stroop congruity and Garner interference were measured under conditions in which discriminabilities were (1) matched (Experiments 1 and 4), (2) mismatched in favor of colors (Experiment 2), or (3) mismatched in favor of words (Experiment 3). When matched, colors and words appeared separable, with small interactive effects being reduced or eliminated through practice. When mismatched, asymmetric Stroop and Garner effects emerged, with the more discriminable dimension disrupting classification of the less discriminable dimension. Asymmetric effects were obtained in both response modes, and were not alleviated by practice. We conclude that (1) the Stroop effect is an optional effect, and (2) unequal discriminability causes a mandatory failure of selective attention.