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Oxygen saturation and breathing patterns in children
C F Poets1, V A Stebbens, M P Samuels
1Department of Paediatric Pulmonology, Medizinische Hochschule, Hannover, Germany.
Insights
Apneic pauses are normal in healthy children, with some lasting over 20 seconds. Oxygenation monitoring is key to understanding respiratory control maturation in pediatric populations.
Area of Science:
- Pediatric Pulmonology
- Respiratory Physiology
- Sleep Medicine
Background:
- Breathing patterns and oxygenation are crucial indicators of respiratory health in children.
- Understanding normal variations is essential for diagnosing respiratory disorders.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate breathing patterns and arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) in healthy children.
- To correlate these parameters with age and identify normal physiological ranges.
Main Methods:
- Overnight polysomnography in 70 healthy children (ages 2-16).
- Recorded SaO2, photoplethysmographic waveforms, and breathing movements.
- Analyzed for apneic pauses and desaturation events.
Main Results:
- Apneic pauses (> or = 4 seconds) were present in all children, with some exceeding 20 seconds.
- Episodic falls in SaO2 to < or = 90% decreased with age, occurring in 47% of younger children vs. 13% of older children.
- Baseline heart rate and respiratory rate decreased with age.
Conclusions:
- Prolonged apneic pauses are a normal finding in healthy children and adolescents.
- Oxygenation data provides valuable insights into the maturation of respiratory control.
- Only a small fraction of apneic pauses significantly impact blood gas homeostasis.
Objective:
To obtain information on breathing patterns and oxygenation in children.
Design:
Overnight tape recordings of arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2; Nellcor N200 in beat-to-beat mode), photoplethysmographic waveforms, and breathing movements in 70 healthy children (mean age 8.0 years, range 2 through 16). Analysis of recordings for pauses in breathing movements of > or = 4 seconds (apneic pauses), for episodes in which SaO2 fell to < or = 90% (desaturations) and, only during the state of regular breathing, for baseline SaO2, heart rate, and respiratory rate.
Results:
Both baseline heart rate and respiratory rate decreased with increasing age (r = -.7 and -.3, respectively, P < .01). Baseline SaO2 was similar to that previously observed in infants (median 99.5%, range 95.8 to 100, 5th centile 96.6%). Every recording showed apneic pauses, with a frequency that did not vary consistently with age (median 7.7/h, range 0.6 to 25.5). One hundred nineteen apneic pauses in 43 recordings lasted for 15 to 19.9 seconds, and 23 lasted for > or = 20 seconds (longest 28.8 seconds). The number of episodic falls in SaO2 to < or = 90% decreased with age (r = -.3, P < .01); such episodes were found in 47% of children aged 2 through 6 years, but in only 13% of those aged 12 through 16 years. The 95th centile for desaturation frequency in the total group was 0.6/h. In six episodes in four patients, SaO2 fell to < or = 80%.
Conclusions:
Apneic pauses, some of which can last for more than 20 seconds, are a normal phenomenon in healthy children and adolescents, but only a small minority of apneic pauses affect blood gas homeostasis. Information concerning oxygenation may be more relevant to our understanding of the maturation of respiratory control than the recording of breathing signals alone.