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Regulation of respiration: "The Black Box"

E Asmussen

    Acta Physiologica Scandinavica
    |January 1, 1977
    PubMed

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    Physiological Control of Respiration01:23

    Physiological Control of Respiration

    Introduction
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    Neural Control of Respiration

    The neural regulation of respiration is a meticulously coordinated process primarily controlled by the respiratory centers located within the brainstem. These centers, composed of specialized neurons, transmit nerve impulses that control the contraction and relaxation of our respiratory muscles.
    Respiratory Centers in the Brainstem
    Two primary areas comprise the respiratory center: the medullary respiratory center in the medulla oblongata and the pontine respiratory group in the pons. The...
    Chemical Factors Affecting Respiration Centers01:31

    Chemical Factors Affecting Respiration Centers

    Chemical factors such as changing CO2, O2, and H+ levels in arterial blood play a critical role in influencing respiration depth and rates. These variations are detected by chemoreceptors—specialized sensors located in two primary body areas. Central chemoreceptors are found throughout the brain stem, including the ventrolateral medulla, while peripheral chemoreceptors are located in the aortic arch and carotid arteries.
    CO2 has a potent influence on respiration and is strictly regulated. Under...
    Other Factors Affecting Respiration Centers01:17

    Other Factors Affecting Respiration Centers

    Breathing is primarily an involuntary activity regulated by the brainstem respiratory centers. However, it can also be consciously controlled, allowing us to hold our breath or take deeper breaths when needed. This voluntary control is facilitated by the cerebral motor cortex, which bypasses the medullary centers to stimulate the respiratory muscles directly.
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    Respiratory Regulation of Acid-Base Balance01:18

    Respiratory Regulation of Acid-Base Balance

    Respiratory compensation is a vital physiological process that stabilizes blood plasma pH by regulating the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2), a key determinant of pH levels. Most carbon dioxide in the blood dissolves and converts into carbonic acid (H2CO3). It dissociates into hydrogen ions (H+) and bicarbonate ions (HCO3⁻). There is also an inverse relationship between PCO2​​ and pH.
    When carbon dioxide levels increase in the blood, more H+ and HCO3⁻ are produced, leading to a...
    Physiology of Respiration II: Neurogenic Control of Respiration01:22

    Physiology of Respiration II: Neurogenic Control of Respiration

    The neurogenic control of respiration coordinates various neural networks and pathways to regulate breathing rate and depth, meeting the body's oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange requirements. This system adapts to physiological and environmental conditions, ensuring optimal breathing patterns.
    Central Control
    The brainstem is the primary site of central control, hosting respiratory centers: