The P1 plasmid partition complex at parS. II. Analysis of ParB protein binding activity and specificity

The P1 plasmid prophage is partitioned by a very high affinity protein complex at its partition site, parS, that contains the P1 ParB protein and Escherichia coli integration host factor (IHF). ParB binds to regions of parS that flank the IHF binding site. In this report, we have examined the sequences to which ParB binds, the spatial relationship between them, and the effect of IHF on ParB binding patterns. Methylation protection and interference experiments were performed on supercoiled plasmids. Mutations that interfered with the action of both proteins in vivo were identified following random mutagenesis of parS. These studies revealed that ParB binds to a complicated, nonsymmetrical region in the right side of parS. ParB recognizes a partial copy of this sequence, TCGCCA, in the left side of parS with much lower affinity. The presence of IHF greatly facilitates the interaction of ParB with parS such that both sides bind with an equal affinity that is much greater than to either side alone. The stimulation by IHF is strongly influenced by helical phasing. These observations support the proposal that ParB is directed, by the bend created by IHF, to bind simultaneously to properly placed sequences flanking the IHF site.