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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...

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Intravenous regional anesthesia or the Bier block technique is used to anesthetize a specific limb or extremity. It uses exsanguinated or blood-drained vessels to transport local anesthetics or LAs to the peripheral nerve trunks. Lidocaine without vasoconstrictors like epinephrine is most commonly used for this technique. Other drugs used are prilocaine, ropivacaine, and chloroprocaine. Bupivacaine is not recommended for this technique due to its high cardiac toxicity.
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Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route

Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

An Alternative and Validated Injection Method for Accessing the Subretinal Space via a Transcleral Posterior Approach

An Alternative and Validated Injection Method for Accessing the Subretinal Space via a Transcleral Posterior Approach

Published on: December 7, 2016

A new method for posterior sub-Tenon's drug administration

A P Nesterov¹, S N Basinsky, A Isaev

¹Department of Eye Diseases, Russian State Medical University, Moscow.

Ophthalmic Surgery

|January 1, 1993

Summary

A novel sub-Tenon

Area of Science:

Ophthalmology
Drug Delivery Systems
Retinal Diseases

Background:

Sub-Tenon's drug administration is crucial for treating posterior segment eye diseases.
Current methods may have limitations in sustained drug delivery and patient compliance.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce and evaluate a new technique for sustained sub-Tenon's drug administration.
To assess the safety and efficacy of this method for various ocular conditions.

Main Methods:

A collagen sponge connected to a silicone tube was implanted in the sub-Tenon's space.
Medication was infused twice to four times daily for 7–10 days via the tube.
The tube was subsequently removed after the treatment course.

Main Results:

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Last Updated: Jul 10, 2026

An Alternative and Validated Injection Method for Accessing the Subretinal Space via a Transcleral Posterior Approach

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Published on: December 7, 2016

Intracameral Injection in Rats with Low Risk of Adverse Effects

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Ocular Therapeutic Delivery and Advanced Tissue Retrieval in Adult Rats

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The technique was successfully applied in 230 patients.
No serious complications were reported during the treatment period.
Effective drug delivery was achieved for posterior segment and optic nerve diseases.

Conclusions:

This sub-Tenon's drug delivery technique offers a safe and effective method for managing ocular diseases.
The collagen sponge-tube system facilitates sustained medication delivery.
Further studies can explore its application in a broader range of ophthalmic conditions.