Effects of psychoactive drugs or stress on learning, memory, and performance as assessed using a novel water maze...

A novel water maze was used to assess the potential performance-disrupting effects of psychoactive drugs and stressors (4 mg/kg amphetamine sulfate; 1, 2, or 4 mg/kg diazepam; 30 mg/kg caffeine; 5 or 30 mg/kg atropine sulfate; 15 min of either intermittent foot-shock, forced running, or immobilization). The task utilized a traditional type of maze with walls and doorways set inside a pool. The apparatus could easily be reconfigured to present different mazes of approximately equal difficulty by opening or closing multiple doorways. Performance was measured by number of errors and time required to swim from the "start" to "finish" (a raised platform not in the rat's line of sight). After initial maze training, rats were divided into two groups. One group ran three daily trails through the same maze each day; this group was used to assess memory. The second group was challenged to swim three consecutive trials in a new maze configuration each day as a measure of learning. On any given day, rats from both groups received the same treatment. Drug or stress treatments were interspersed with vehicle or no-treatment trials days. The new maze task was more sensitive than the well-learned maze to the performance disrupting effects of amphetamine, caffeine, and diazepam, while atropine had no significant effect on performance on either maze. Foot-shock stress impaired performance on both mazes, while the other stressors had no significant effect.