Temporomandibular disorders

Temporomandibular disorders include a variety of intracapsular and extracapsular disorders that may or may not be related to each other and the diagnosis of which can be complicated. The causes of these disorders have not been identified scientifically and instead rely on anecdotal clinical experience. Preliminary epidemiologic studies have begun to identify predisposing, initiating, or perpetuating factors. Recent advances in imaging techniques have created opportunities for a more rational approach to the treatment of these disorders. Nonsurgical therapies are used to manage most of these disorders. Refinements in surgical procedures have increased the predictability of results for patients who have followed nonsurgical treatments. Arthroscopy has added to the macroscopic and microscopic knowledge of intracapsular disorders and offers a less invasive approach to surgical management. With proper diagnosis and treatment selection, quality of life of the majority of patients can be improved.