Enhanced chondrocyte destruction by lymphokine-activated killer cells. Possible role in rheumatoid arthritis

The lysis of chondrocytes, the parenchymal cells of cartilage, by lymphocytes may provide a potent mechanism by which the immune system participates in sustaining joint damage in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We studied the capability of lymphocytes from healthy individuals and patients with arthritis to lyse chondrocytes.

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PMBC) were tested for their ability to lyse chondrocytes in a 51Cr-release assay. Enhancement of the chondrolytic activity was determined by preincubating the cells with T cell growth factor (TCGF) or recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2) before cytotoxic testing.

PBMC from healthy individuals possessed a low ability to lyse chondrocytes, whereas cells from the synovial fluid of patients with RA displayed higher chondrolytic activity. In RA, modulating factors must come into play because not all synovial fluid sample cells showed high chondrolytic activity and cells from synovial tissue had little or no lytic action on chondrocytes. Chondrolytic activities of cells from all sources, including PBMC from healthy subjects and patients with arthritis and cells isolated from synovial fluid or from the synovial tissue of RA patients, were greatly increased by incubating the cells with TCGF or rIL-2. In contrast, treatment of chondrocytes with interferon-gamma, which enhances major histocompatibility complex gene expression, decreased the susceptibility of chondrocytes to lysis.

These observations suggest a mechanism for joint damage in which the destruction of chondrocytes by lymphocytes is controlled by cytokines released during the inflammatory process in arthritic diseases.