On the function of the aortic valve and the mechanism of the first and second sounds

Studies are reported on the exact timing of the aortic component of the second sound in relationship to aortic pressure and flow velocity, and also to aortic valve closure. These studies were performed in animals by means of catheter-tip probes and an electric contact introduced into the aortic valve. They were supplemented by echocardiographic stuides of the aortic valve, and impedance cardiograms in man. Opening of the aortic valve and its relationship to the first heart sound were also studied. It was observed that the second component of the first heart sound grossly coincides with the opening of the aortic valve. The aortic component of the second sound starts a few milliseconds after aortic valve closure. It starts after the incisura of the aortic pressure tracing and the drop of the velocity curve to the zero line; it then increases attaining its maximum at the peak of the rapid rebound of the aortic pressure, which coincides with the trough of the velocity tracing. The final interpretation on the mechanism of the second sound agrees in principle with the studies of Luciani, Wiggers, and Rushmer attributing the sound vibrations to release of the energy stored in the aortic wall, which accelerates the flow and causes deceleration of numerous structures (aortic and valvar) as well as of the blood. Studies of the rate of change of acceleration of pressure confirm this interpretation.