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Related Concept Videos

Muscles of the Shoulder01:23

Muscles of the Shoulder

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The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
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Muscles that Move the Arm01:31

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Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...
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Articulations of the Vertebral Column01:28

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In addition to being held together by the intervertebral discs, adjacent vertebrae also articulate with each other at synovial joints formed between the superior and inferior articular processes called zygapophysial joints (facet joints). These are plane joints that provide for only limited motions between the vertebrae. The orientation of the articular processes at these joints varies in different regions of the vertebral column and serves to determine the types of motions available in each...
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Flail Chest-II01:26

Flail Chest-II

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Managing flail chest, a condition characterized by a segment of the chest wall moving independently from the rest of the thoracic cage, requires a comprehensive approach. It includes a thorough assessment of the patient's condition, a diagnostic evaluation to determine the extent of the injury, and the implementation of appropriate medical interventions tailored to the individual's needs.
Assessment:
1. Clinical Evaluation:
History:
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Functional Classification of Joints01:09

Functional Classification of Joints

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Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses  or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
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Flail Chest-I01:24

Flail Chest-I

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Overview of Flail Chest
Flail chest is a severe and potentially life-threatening condition characterized by the fracture of three or more adjacent ribs in multiple places. It is most commonly caused by direct impacts and trauma, such as motor vehicle accidents or injuries from a steering wheel impact. It can also occur due to falls in elderly individuals with osteoporosis, or assaults involving sharp objects.
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Updated: Jan 1, 2026

Anterior Capsular Reconstruction with Human Dermal Allograft for Irreparable Subscapularis Tears
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Acromioclavicular joint injuries

R R Richards

    Instructional Course Lectures
    |January 1, 1993
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Effective acromioclavicular (AC) joint injury treatment relies on understanding anatomy and injury patterns. Surgical reconstruction is recommended for severe AC joint injuries (grades IV-VI) or chronic lower-grade symptoms.

    More Related Videos

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    Area of Science:

    • Orthopedic surgery
    • Sports medicine
    • Anatomy

    Background:

    • Acromioclavicular (AC) joint injuries are common musculoskeletal issues.
    • Understanding AC joint anatomy and injury patterns is vital for effective treatment.
    • A six-part classification system aids in comprehending AC joint pathoanatomy.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To outline the essential knowledge for treating AC joint injuries.
    • To emphasize the importance of understanding AC joint pathoanatomy and natural history.
    • To provide guidance on surgical reconstruction for specific AC joint injury grades.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of relevant anatomical and pathoanatomical principles of AC joint injuries.
    • Application of a six-part classification system for injury grading.
    • Discussion of treatment indications, including surgical intervention criteria.

    Main Results:

    • The six-part classification system simplifies understanding of AC joint pathoanatomy.
    • Insight into the natural history of AC joint injuries is critical for successful management.
    • Surgical reconstruction is indicated for grades IV, V, and VI AC joint lesions, and chronically symptomatic lower-grade lesions.

    Conclusions:

    • Effective AC joint injury treatment necessitates a thorough grasp of anatomy and injury classifications.
    • Surgical intervention for AC joint injuries should be judiciously applied based on injury severity and chronicity.
    • Preferred surgical technique involves coracoclavicular fixation with a lag screw for stable clavicle reduction and soft tissue repair.