Developmental toxicity of caffeine in the larvae of Xenopus laevis

To examine the developmental toxicity of caffeine, Xenopus larvae just after hatching, were continuously exposed to 100-2,000 mg/L caffeine for 48 hours. Caffeine interfered with development of Xenopus larvae at a concentration of 100 mg/L and above in a concentration-dependent manner. Characteristic external abnormalities, such as shortened body with wavy fins, were observed, the severity of which was clearly concentration dependent. These larvae were frequently accompanied by abnormal body flexure and edema in the fin. Light microscopy revealed that exposure to caffeine induced severe damage in the myotome and neural tube, and at higher concentrations, the epidermal tissue was also affected. Myoblasts showed wide intercellular spaces, and their cytoplasm lost uniform staining. Ultrastructural studies of myoblasts revealed distinct myofibril disorganization and degeneration, and mitochondrial alterations. In the neural tube, cells at the dorsal part of tube showed wide intercellular spaces and some of them were segregated to the peripheral region. Furthermore, vacuole-like structures of various sizes appeared in the white matter. The outer layer of epithelial cells in the epidermis were vacuolated and swollen. With regard to the pathogenesis of myofibril damage, caffeine appeared to cause a disturbance of intracellular calcium regulation, by releasing calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and the mitochondrial changes observed in myotomal cells were considered to be reflective of this increased intracellular calcium ion levels. It is speculated that caffeine interferes with cell adhesion in the myotome and neural tube by affecting calcium ion regulation.