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Related Concept Videos

Transcription Factors02:16

Transcription Factors

Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

Cell Specific Gene Expression

Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
Master Transcription Regulators02:23

Master Transcription Regulators

Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
General Transcription Factors01:30

General Transcription Factors

Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
Transducer Mechanism: Nuclear Receptors01:31

Transducer Mechanism: Nuclear Receptors

Nuclear receptors, or NRs, are unique transcription factors that regulate gene transcription and affect the cellular pathways involved in reproduction, development, or metabolism. Their ability to be stimulated by small lipophilic ligands and control vital cellular processes makes them ideal drug targets. Nearly 10-15% of currently prescribed drugs target these receptors.
About 48 different soluble family members of nuclear receptors are identified that can be divided into two main classes:
Pharmacogenetics of Drug Targets: β₂-Adrenergic Receptors, Apo E, Thymidylate Synthase01:11

Pharmacogenetics of Drug Targets: β₂-Adrenergic Receptors, Apo E, Thymidylate Synthase

Genetic polymorphisms in drug targets have emerged as critical determinants of interindividual variability in drug response and toxicity. Pharmacogenomic investigations increasingly focus on identifying these variations to personalize and optimize therapeutic interventions. A drug target may be a receptor, enzyme, or signaling protein involved in pharmacologic responses or disease-related pathways. While early pharmacogenetic studies focused primarily on drug metabolism, current research...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Methods to Discover Alternative Promoter Usage and Transcriptional Regulation of Murine Bcrp1
11:02

Methods to Discover Alternative Promoter Usage and Transcriptional Regulation of Murine Bcrp1

Published on: May 27, 2016

Tissue-specific promoters regulate aromatase cytochrome P450 expression

E R Simpson1, M S Mahendroo, G D Means

  • 1Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75235-9051.

The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
|March 1, 1993
PubMed
Summary

Estrogen biosynthesis in humans involves tissue-specific promoters for aromatase cytochrome P450 (P450arom). Different promoters drive P450arom expression in the ovary, placenta, and adipose tissue, but result in identical proteins.

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Last Updated: Jul 10, 2026

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Isolate Cell-Type-Specific RNAs from Snap-Frozen Heterogeneous Tissue Samples without Cell Sorting
08:30

Isolate Cell-Type-Specific RNAs from Snap-Frozen Heterogeneous Tissue Samples without Cell Sorting

Published on: December 8, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Estrogen biosynthesis occurs in multiple human tissues, including the ovary, placenta, adipose tissue, and brain.
  • Aromatase cytochrome P450 (P450arom) is the key enzyme in estrogen biosynthesis.
  • Tissue-specific expression of P450arom is crucial for localized estrogen production.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of tissue-specific promoters in regulating P450arom expression.
  • To identify and characterize the distinct promoters utilized in different human tissues.
  • To understand how differential promoter usage contributes to tissue-specific estrogen biosynthesis.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of P450arom gene expression in various human tissues (ovary, placenta, adipose).
  • Identification and characterization of distinct promoter regions upstream of the P450arom gene.
  • Transcriptional analysis to determine promoter usage in different cell types (e.g., JEG-3 cells, fetal liver).

Main Results:

  • The human ovary utilizes a promoter proximal to the translation start site for P450arom expression.
  • Placental P450arom expression is driven by a promoter located at least 40 kb upstream, with a minor promoter at 9 kb.
  • Distinct 5'-untranslated exons from these promoters are spliced into a common boundary, ensuring identical protein production across tissues.

Conclusions:

  • Tissue-specific promoters dictate the spatial regulation of estrogen biosynthesis.
  • Despite differential promoter usage, the final P450arom protein product is conserved across all studied tissues.
  • This mechanism allows for precise control over estrogen production in various physiological sites.