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Transcription Factors

Transcription Factors

Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...

Transcription Factors

Transcription Factors

Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins

Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...

Combinatorial Gene Control

Combinatorial Gene Control

Combinatorial gene control is the synergistic action of several transcriptional factors to regulate the expression of a single gene. The absence of one or more of these factors may lead to a significant difference in the level of gene expression or repression.
The expression of more than 30,000 genes is controlled by approximately 2000-3000 transcription factors. This is possible because a single transcription factor can recognize more than one regulatory sequence. The specificity in gene...

General Transcription Factors

General Transcription Factors

Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...

TGF - β Signaling Pathway

TGF - β Signaling Pathway

The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors are of three kinds RI, RII, and RIII. The RI...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

Rapid Synthesis and Screening of Chemically Activated Transcription Factors with GFP-based Reporters

Rapid Synthesis and Screening of Chemically Activated Transcription Factors with GFP-based Reporters

Published on: November 27, 2013

Functional analysis of a growth factor-responsive transcription factor complex

C S Hill¹, R Marais, S John

¹Transcription Laboratory, Imperial Cancer Research Fund, London, England.

|April 23, 1993

Summary

Serum response factor (SRF) and Elk-1 protein interaction is crucial for gene regulation. Modified SRF and Elk-1 proteins restore function to a mutated gene promoter, demonstrating their cooperative role in transcription.

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Last Updated: May 13, 2026

Rapid Synthesis and Screening of Chemically Activated Transcription Factors with GFP-based Reporters

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Published on: November 27, 2013

Enhanced Yeast One-hybrid Screens To Identify Transcription Factor Binding To Human DNA Sequences

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Published on: February 11, 2019

Mapping the Structure-Function Relationships of Disordered Oncogenic Transcription Factors Using Transcriptomic Analysis

Mapping the Structure-Function Relationships of Disordered Oncogenic Transcription Factors Using Transcriptomic Analysis

Published on: June 27, 2020

Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Gene Regulation
Protein-Protein Interactions

Background:

Serum response factor (SRF) is a transcription factor that binds to the c-fos serum response element (SRE).
SRF collaborates with an accessory factor, Elk-1, to form a ternary complex at the SRE.
The precise functional cooperation between SRF and Elk-1 in transcriptional regulation is under investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the functional cooperation between SRF and Elk-1 in transcriptional regulation.
To determine the role of specific protein domains and modifications in SRF-Elk-1 complex formation and activity.
To demonstrate that altered binding specificity derivatives of SRF and Elk-1 can restore activity to a mutated SRE.

Main Methods:

Construction of altered-binding specificity derivatives of SRF and Elk-1.
Transfection of cells with SRF and Elk-1 derivatives to assess activity at a mutated SRE.
Analysis of transcriptional activation dependent on Elk-1 phosphorylation and specific SRF sequences.

Main Results:

Engineered SRF and Elk-1 derivatives formed a ternary complex at a mutated, inactive SRE.
Simultaneous expression of these derivatives restored serum-regulated activity to the mutated SRE.
Transcriptional activation was dependent on Elk-1 phosphorylation and specific SRF domains involved in ternary complex formation.

Conclusions:

SRF and Elk-1 functionally cooperate within a ternary complex at the SRE to regulate gene transcription.
Specific domains within SRF and the phosphorylation status of Elk-1 are critical for this cooperative transcriptional activation.
These findings provide direct evidence for the functional synergy between SRF and Elk-1.