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Pelvic inflammatory disease: risk factors and microbial etiologies
1Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Magee-Womens Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-3180.
Objective:
To review the risk factors and microbial etiologies of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID).
Data Sources:
Include 77 current and historical references on PID, PID risk factors, and sexually transmitted diseases.
Study Selection:
34 studies that address specific research questions.
Data Extraction:
Data were used from studies whose methodologies are discussed.
Data Synthesis:
This review identifies research problems regarding the definition, diagnosis, and identification of microbial profiles and risk factors of PID.
Conclusions:
More reliable diagnostic criteria for the varied clinical presentations of this polymicrobial infection are needed. PID is a disease with multiple, interrelated risks. Education is an important nursing intervention.
Insights
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) has complex, interrelated risk factors and varied microbial causes. More precise diagnostic criteria are needed for this polymicrobial infection.
Area of Science:
- Reproductive Health
- Infectious Diseases
- Gynecology
Background:
- Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a significant reproductive health concern.
- Understanding its risk factors and microbial origins is crucial for effective management.
- Current diagnostic and etiological knowledge presents research challenges.
Purpose of the Study:
- To comprehensively review the known risk factors associated with PID.
- To explore the diverse microbial etiologies contributing to PID.
- To identify research gaps in the definition, diagnosis, and microbial profiling of PID.
Main Methods:
- Systematic review of 77 historical and current references.
- Analysis of 34 studies focusing on specific research questions related to PID.
- Data extraction from studies with discussed methodologies.
Main Results:
- Identified significant research problems in defining and diagnosing PID.
- Highlighted challenges in accurately identifying the microbial profiles of PID.
- Confirmed the polymicrobial nature of PID and its complex risk factors.
Conclusions:
- Emphasized the need for more reliable diagnostic criteria for PID's varied presentations.
- Reiterated that PID results from multiple, interrelated risk factors.
- Stressed the importance of patient education as a key nursing intervention for PID prevention and management.